Sets (Mathematics)

August 27, 2022 August 27, 2022

Sets

In mathematics, a set is the collection of well-defined things or objects or numbers and No repetition of elements in the set i.e. one element is only one time in set. Generally set is defined in the curly bracket {} and the whole set is represented by a capital letter.

e.g.- 'A' is the set of all natural numbers.

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ............∞}

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Cardinal Number of a set

It is the number of elements in the set.

e.g.- set A is the set of vowels in English.

A = {a, e, i, o, u}

Cardinal number of set 'A' is n(A) = 5

Types of set representation

Generally, three types of set representation used they are:

Semantic form
Roster form/tabular form
Set builder form

Semantic form

In this form set's element is defined in the statement or element described in the statement form.

e.g.- Set 'A' is the collection of the first ten even numbers.

Roster form/tabular form

That is the most common form used in mathematics. In this form set elements are defined in curly brackets and the whole set is represented by a capital letter.

e.g.- Semantic form- 'B' is the set of the first six even numbers.

Roster form- X = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

Set builder form

The set builder form is a type of rule or statement that describe the elements in the set. In this form, we use | or : with the text or statement to describe the elements and it is called 'such that'. Let's understand by an example-

e.g.-

Roster form- B = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Set builder form- B = {x : x < 5, x ∈ N}

Where x ∈ N- 'x' belong to the natural number.

Type of sets

There are many types of sets described below

Null set/Empty set/void set

A set that does not contain any element is called a Null set. It is denoted by {} or Φ (greek alphabet phi)

e.g.- In 'A' is null set then,

A = {} or Φ

Singleton set

A set with only one element is called a singleton set.

e.g.- A = {x : 2 < x < 4, x ∈ N}

A = {3}

Finite set

A set with a finite number of elements or in words we can count the elements of a set called a finite set.

e.g.- X = {1, 3, 5, 7}

Infinite set

A set with an infinite number of elements or we can't count the total number of elements is called an infinite set.

e.g.- B = {2, 4, 6, 8, ..........................∞}

Universal set

A universal set is a set with the collection of all elements regarding the subject. and It is denoted by 'U'.

e.g.- U = {All two-digit even number}

Equal sets

Two sets with the same element are called equal sets.

e.g.- A= {2, 4, 6}

B = {4, 2, 6}

A = B

Unequal sets

If in any two sets one or more than one element is different called an unequal set.

e.g.- A = {2, 4, 6}

B = {2, 9, 6}

A ≠ B

Overlapping sets

When at least one or more than one element is common between two sets.

e.g.- A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}

Here 4, 5, 6, and 7 are common elements so A and B are overlapping sets.

Disjoint sets

If two sets with no common element then they are called disjoint sets.

e.g.- A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {5, 6, 7, 8}

Here no common element so A and B disjoint sets.

Subset and Superset

If all elements of B are present in set A then B is called a subset of A and It is represented as B ⊆ A and Its reciprocal A is a superset of B represented as A ⊇ B.

e.g.- A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

B = {2, 4}

B Subset of A- B ⊆ A

A Superset of B- A ⊇ B